which is the most advanced solar panel.

There are several types of advanced solar panels that are being developed and commercialized. Some examples include:

1.       High-efficiency solar panels: These panels are designed to convert more sunlight into electricity, typically by using materials such as monocrystalline silicon, which have a higher solar cell efficiency.

2.       Flexible solar panels: These panels are made of thin, flexible materials that can be mounted on curved or irregular surfaces. They are often used in portable or mobile applications, such as on boats or RVs.

3.       Bifacial solar panels: These panels are designed to capture sunlight on both sides, increasing their overall energy generation. They are typically mounted on poles or racks that allow them to face the sun on both sides.

4.       Concentrated solar power (CSP) systems: These systems use mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight onto a small area, generating high temperatures that can be used to produce steam and generate electricity. CSP systems are typically used in large-scale power plants.

5.       Perovskite solar cells: These cells are made of a type of crystal called perovskite, which has a high absorption coefficient and can be used to create thin, lightweight solar cells with high efficiency. Perovskite solar cells are still in the early stages of development and are not yet widely available.

 

6.       High-efficiency solar panels: These panels are designed to convert a higher percentage of the sunlight they receive into electricity, resulting in more electricity production per unit area. High-efficiency solar panels are made using advanced materials and manufacturing techniques, such as multi-junction cells and thin-film technology.

 

7.       Flexible solar panels: These panels are made using flexible materials, such as thin-film photovoltaics, and can be bent or curved to fit onto curved or irregular surfaces. Flexible solar panels are lightweight and can be used in a variety of applications, including on the roofs of vehicles, boats, and tents.

 

8.       Bifacial solar panels: These panels have solar cells on both sides, allowing them to capture sunlight from both the front and back. Bifacial solar panels can be mounted on the ground or on a rooftop, and can produce more electricity than traditional solar panels when installed in certain locations.

 

9.       Concentrated photovoltaics (CPV): These panels use lenses or mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto a small area of high-efficiency solar cells, resulting in a higher electricity generation rate per unit area. CPV systems can be more efficient than traditional solar panels, but they require precise tracking of the sun and are more expensive to install.

 

10.   Perovskite solar cells: These are a type of thin-film solar cell that is made using a class of materials called perovskites. Perovskite solar cells have the potential to be highly efficient and inexpensive to produce, but they are still in the early stages of development and have not yet been commercialized.

 

Read More

Can 100% Renewable Energy Power The World

Every year world use 35 billion barrels of oil this massive scale of fossil fuels dependents pollutes the earth and it were not last forever. The scientist researcher that we consumed 40 % oil according to the present estimate. This rete will run out oil and gas 50 years and coal in an about a century.

On the other side we have abundant solar, water and wind these are renewable resources. So the point is how we can change the world from fossil fuels to renewable sources.

This question rises since a century but it’s hard to answer?

Yet renewable energy provide only 13% of our needs that’s requires 100% that’s inexpensive and accessible. This represent a huge challenge we ignore the politics involve and focus of science and engineering we can better understand the problem by understanding how use energy. The global energy use is a dive race and complex system. The different element require their own solution but now we focus on these to familiar used in daily life.

The electricity and liquid fuel. Electricity powers a lot of things in industry as well as home. Liquid fuels play a crucial role in the transportation.

Let consider the electrical portion first the great news is our electrical advance technology can get energy from every form of renewable source.

 The Sun is the fundamental source of solar energy and continuously accelerates 173 Quadrillion Watts of solar energy at the earth. Its approximate 10000 time more than our need. It is estimated that the surface expands almost 7000 km will be needed to power humanity and our present usage level so, why we not builds that because there are other difficulties like efficiency and transportation.

Firstly the desert are the best places for solar energy but they are located for away from our populated areas where the electricity demand is very high. We transmit the energy by cables through pole that is too expensive and energy loss.

Today the transmitted lines loss the energy 6 to 8% and longer power line dissipate more energy the only super conductor can reduce this loss but they require cool surface not a heated places.

The other solution is we convert the all renewable energy into easily transportable form. We can stores the energy in lithium dry batteries which is low weight and efficient.

There are other sources like hydroelectric, geoelectric and wind energy but they depends upon the location and availability.  

Read More

Combined-Cycle Generation Process and its working Principle

In the combines cycle power plants we use heat engines that’s work on same source of fuel, converts in to mechanical then into electrical by moving the electrical generator. In this phenomena we use exhaust of one engine used as a fuel of second which seems to be more useful fuel and enhance the overall efficiency of the system. This system is cost effective because we use fuel for heat engine and the waste (e.g., hot exhaust fumes)   produced from the combustion of the fuel used by combining the two thermodynamic cycles so that the overall efficiency improved.

 Brayton cycle is batter for the stationary plants and Rankine cycle commonly used for steam power plant.

Combined cycle power plant consist of following main component.

1:  Gas turbine.

2:  steam turbine.

3:  heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)

Gas turbine

The Gas Turbine essentially comprises a multi stage axial flow compressor section with movable inlet guide vane (IGV), two vertical silo type combustion chambers with several burners, and multi stage axial flow turbine section. The compressor draws in air from the atmosphere, compresses it and

then feeds the compressed air into the combustion chambers. The fuel (natural gas or diesel oil) is injected into the combustion chambers where it is burned together with compressed air. The resulting hot compressed combustion chambers gas flows from the combustion chambers into the turbine section an expands while it drives the turbine. The mechanical enginery of the GT is utilized to drive an air cooled generator as well as compressor section of the turbine. The grid is fed by the generator. The expanded exhaust gases from the GT are fed either to the bypass stack or into the HRSG for further use. The energy given up to the turbine comes from the reduction in the temperature and pressure of the exhaust gas. All these processes make up the Brayton cycle.

GAS TURBINE PRINCIPLE

 A gas turbine works on the basic principle of the Brayton cycle. A Brayton cycle consists of three main components: 

1: A gas compressor 

2:A mixing chamber 

3: An expander/Energy Extractor IDEAL BRATON CYCLE STEPS: 

1-2.Isentropic process - 2-3.Isobaric process - 3-4.Isentropic process - 4-1.Isobaric process

Steam Turbine

The ST is of dual casing condensing type and is operated in the sliding pressure mode from 100 % to 60 % output and in fixed pressure mode below this range. The turbine comprises a combined HP (type D30-

16) and LP section (type N30-25) in which the thermal energy of the steam generated by the HRSGs is converted to mechanical energy in order to drive an air cooled generator to produce electric power. The exhaust steam is condensed in a conventional condenser located behind the exhaust side to the LP-turbine and cooled by the circulating cooling water system which transfers the heat to the atmosphere via a wet cooling tower

Steam turbine principle

Steam turbine works on the principle of Rankine cycle. It has four basic components.

1.     Boiler

2.   Turbine

3.   Condenser

4.   Condenser feed pump

Heat Recovery Steam Generator

Hrsg is heart of combined cycle power plant and a critical link between gas turbine and steam turbine. Hrsg is an energy recovery heat exchanger that recovers heat from hot exhaust gases(1050oF) from gas turbine. It produces steam that can be used to drive the steam turbine in combined cycle power plant.

Read More

Is the WIRELESS Electricity is the Future ? See How the Wireless Charger Works on Principle

Inductive Charger / Wireless Charger

Michal Faradays discoveries the underlying principles of electromagnetic induction he discover that

in the presence of alternating electromagnetic field emf produces along the conductor.

  By the late 1894

Tesla used that idea and demonstrated the phenomena resonant electro coupling by lighting the incandescent lamp by tuning the current resonant frequency of the coil the two coil are join for higher

efficiency power transfer.

The discovery let to the modern electric motor and other  measurable invention however the inductive charging the science proof easier than implementation at the start won’t many electronic that greatly benefits such technology for the days of Tesla and due to limitation of circuit board design and size it was up to until 1999 and 2000 technology development for consumer level and we started seeing wireless electric tooth brushes and 2008 wireless charging mobile phone .

Inductive charger consist of few pads

Alternating current for watt and electronic oscillator circuit and transmission coil. The Transmission  base in thing like number of turn on wire diameter of coil the distance from the coil and other properties such a current.

coil is the tightly wound the copper element as a alternating current passes true to produce the magnetic flux that magnetic flux density

Under receiver end the processes is basically same expect opposite  On the receiver side Same type is embedded in the charging circuit the alternating magnetic field is picked up by the receiving coil the current is induced the AC power is passing through power rectifier stabilizer to convert the DC power phone  can use to charge the battery both the transmitter and receiver have electrical resonant frequency designed to be the same for low displacement distances such as a mobile  phone on charging  pad it is actually less efficient to  operate circuit resonant  frequency to generation

However for large displacement such a car park on charging pad operating at resonant frequency causes inductive coupling to counter act some displacement related transmission losses there are many other factor that fact on the performance there is no standard design on phone at yet charging pad needs way to detect to the type of devices that’s it is charging and Have of multiple coil arrangement.

A team of Engineers is working on advancement of charger that can charge up to 4 devices at a time and it will be completely safe.

Read More

FIR FILTER

By Dr. Hawk

Read More

PCB Designing

By Dr. Hawk

Read More

Photo-voltaic System

Photovoltaic System

An individual PV cell is usually small, typically producing 1 or 2 watts of power which is enough to run low power calculator. Since the PV cell is essentially a diode, forward bise voltage of diode is typically .7 V. The PV cells are connected together in parallel and series arrangement to increase the power rating. To boost the power output of PV cell. They are connected together to form large unites called modules.  If V is the voltage of cell and m is number cells are connected in series, the voltage of modules is V mod = mV. Modules in turn can be connected in parallel to form even larger unit called array. Which can be inter connected to produce more power. If I is the current capability of a cell and n number of modules are connected in parallel, the current capability of an array is

iar = ni

Therefor output power of cell array becomes Par = mnVI.

That is the array power becomes mn times of a single cell power PC. PV system can be built to meet almost any electric power need small and large. Several of these array from PV system. The tracking devices are tilt on arrays to maximize the exposure of the cells to the sun arrays. A PV system is normally operated to maximize the power at Vmp and Imp. The operating point is known as Maximum Power Point (MPP).

An input capacitor is normally connected at the output of the PC array to provide a low path for input current of the dc-dc convert. Equating the currents at the inputside of the boost convertor, we get

ip = i_{cdp +} ii = C_i (dvp/dt) + i_i

Under steady state condition ip is equal current ii. Therefor operating point move toward MPP by adjusting ii. The algorithm shown in equation for implementation require measuring PV array voltage and current which is used to measure the Power and slop.  Therefor based on the sign of the slop (dpp/dvp), the reference current Iref is increased or decreased for moving the operating point toward the zero slope point. 

Read More

Importance Of Photo Voltaic In Solar System

Photo voltaic

Photo voltaic (PV) material and devices convert sunlight in to electrical energy and PV cell are commonly knows are solar cells. The PV cells are electricity producing device made of semiconductor material PV can literally be translated as light electricity. PV has two part: photo drive from Greek word for light and volt relating to electricity pioneer.

PV system are already an important part of our daily life. Simply PV provides the power for small consumer’s items such as calculator and wristwatches. More complicated system provide power for communication satellite, water pumps and machines for home and small industries. Many road and power system are also powered by PV System. In many cases PV power are least expensive than the other electricity.

Photovoltaic Cells

PV cells are the buildings block for all PV systems because they are the device that convert sunlight to electricity. It’s come many size and shapes, for smaller then a postage stamp to several inches across. They are often connected to gather to from PV modules that may be up to several feet long. And few feet wide. Modules in turn can be combined and connected to form PV array of different size and power output. The modules of the array make up important part of the PV System.

When light shines on PV cell it may be reflected observed and pass through. But only the observed light produced electricity. The energy of the observed light transferred to the electron in the atom of the PV cell semiconductor material.  A special electrical property of PV cells are called a built in electric field provides the force and voltage needed to drive the current through a external load such as light bulb.

Types of PV Cells

1  Flat plate

The flat plate PV is rectangular and flat this is the most common type of PV array used in most comment appliances. Flat cells are often mounted at fixed angle that maximize the exposure to the sun through the year. In more flexible system, the angle of sola plate change and to track the optimal sun exposure during the day.

      Convex lens

Convex lens concentrating on PV cells require less material for the same power output then the flat plate cells. Thus they are smaller in size, however concentrating cell operate beat when the sky clear of cloud.

The PV current can be related to the cell voltage by the Schockley Diode equation.

Read More

What is Solar Tracking System &How it is Work

Tracking Systems

It is said that far a time that the collector which is not move because it is attached with the surface. in the most circumstances it is look that collector which is used to follow the path of sun in the vast sky due to permission of racks are most cost effective.
There are two types of tracker
Two- axis Tracker
Single-axis Tracker
Two- Axis Tracker track the sun in from of two angel like Azimuth and the Altitude angels so that the collectors show the right direction of Sun always.

Here to calculate the diffuse insolation and the beam plus at the 2-axis tracker are simple as shown in the figure.

                       Relation of two axis Tracking

The beam of sun hit to the collector completely fill the isolation IB which is perpendicular the rays calculated from this equation.

The tilt angle of the collector will be same or equal to the solar altitude angle which is

 The  reflected and diffuse angle combination exaim the following equations.

The Single- Axis Tracker can track one angle azimuth or the Altitude. The photovoltaic are always adjust by the manually north- south axis according the tilt angle. The tracking phenomena which is used to rotate east-west array of collectors shown in the figure.

Single axis tracking with West-East Movement

Polar mount:

Mount tilt angle and the local latitude becomes equals knows as the Polar mount angle.

The center line of the collector point straight in to the Sun when the rotation of the polar mount about its axis becomes match the rotation of earth which is 15 degree per hour as shown in the figure (a).

(a)                  Pole mount single axis tracker   (b)        north pole

The angel of incidence which is perpendicular between rays of sun and collector. At this condition incidence angle equal to the solar declination. To estimate the radiation of diffuse and reflected one of the important is knowledge of collector angle.

 One-Axis, Polar Mount

Read More

SUN PATH

SUN PATH DIAGRAMS FOR SHADING ANALYSIS

Photo voltaic is very important to find the exact path of sun at any region in particular time duration with complete information of shade shape and size because Photo voltaic is very shadow sensitive. This diagram gives complete knowledge about the signs of obstruction in specifics periods of time. It give the time when area will be in shade and sun will be back of obstruction.

  Solar altitude and azimuth angles for 40◦ latitude

There are a lot of method and product to find out the hurdles on the way of sun. One of the good and cheap way is to use of your geometry box tools with a typical compass but it’s your effort. By using plumb bob 

,protector and compass. Azimuth angle is measured from the compass and altitude angle from plumb bob.

Magnetic Declination or Deviation

 According the phenomena compass should point towards magnetic north but they point true north this difference called magnetic declination or deviation.

Example

Here in it show that due to trees the sun light not reach through November to January at the time of 8 :30 AM to 9 :30 PM approximately 1 hour.

The shade projection cause the sun light lost round about 3 o clock.

                                                Sun Path diagram with obstruction and time period

Read More

Solar Angle

Parameters and  Summary Solar Angle 

Read More

Solar system

Solar System

There are  no easy way to build a solar system you have to know how much amount of sunlight is required and completely know the location of the sun on sky which very time to time but can be determine by by using complex set of equations.
We have to find the average intensity of sun (clear day, partly cloudy day,cloudy day) from complicated set of equation.

Solar Spectrum

For solar system we use Sun as a insulation source. The diameter of sun is 1.4 million Km with nuclear blast of hydrogen atom into the helium and as a result 3.8 * 1020 MW amount of Magnetic energy emits out word (toward space) and small amount of energy come at earth.

Black Body Effect

According to this concept black body is perfect emitter (emits more energy as compared to other real object for same temperature) and absorb (absorb more energy that fall upon it). Black body is used to a standard to measure the radiation of anything which radiate and its wavelength which is emitted depends upon the Temperature of the body.
Planck's Law explain by this equation.

The radiation of of the sun move across the earth surface faced difficulty because a lot of small constituent are present on our atmosphere which cause by decrease the radiation and spectrum of the earth deformed or choppy shape.

Air Mass Ratio

It is the ratio of path h2 use the rays of sun after passing the atmosphere and h1 the short path length from sun to earth. When the sun at 90 degree w.r.t to earth.

Formula:

B = The sun  altitude angle.

The air mass ratio ' m ' calculation.

Solar spectrum for  (m = 0),for sun directly overhead

(m = 1), and at the surface with the sun low in the sky, m = 5. From Kuen et al. (1998),

based on Trans. ASHRAE, vol. 64 (1958), p. 50.

Continued.... 

Read More