Renewable Hybrid Power

Hybrid Power Wind-Hydro Hybrid System

In present humans are more concerning use of fossil fuel like coal, nuclear, furans oil etc. sources for generating electricity to fill-full their daily routine but no one think what happen in near future if these sources which are consuming massive quantity will finish for example we use coal for generating electricity a huge amount of coal burn to produce heat and then vaporize the water to run the generator for required rpm. We are using a large amount of coal and it will finish soon because coal are formed hundreds of year inside the earth due to heat and chemical reactions hence the formation time of coal is hundreds of years but the consumption time are in days. 

Like coal the fairness oil consumption increase day by day it is used in the generation as well as in automobiles. Its consumption is double then coal and talks about nuclear which is also using to the generation of electricity and destruction of earth forming the nuclear weapon. Every country tries to form more effective and dangerous Atom bomb but they are not blind to see what happen in Nagasaki Japan. The point is we have to look serious for consumption of Renewable sources like water, Wind. We can generate electricity from these sources without any effect of environment and no fear to finish them. 
Wind- Hydro Hybrid system is more effective for hilly areas because there are a lot of water present and the average velocity of air are very impressive. We have formed a system which can generate electricity from both Wind and Hydro. Wind and Hydro both help each other to move the shaft of the generator. It’s very difficult to form such system in Mw But easy for KW. Hilly areas all over the world face problem of electricity if a small amount of such system install there even in different areas where the irrigation system and wind average speed is 10 – 12 mph works efficiently. 

Ocean Energy

Ocean covered more than two third of the earth surface. Ocean contains thermal energy from the sun and produce mechanical energy from tides and waves. Even through the sun effect all ocean activity, the gravitational pull of moon primarily drives tides, and the wind power ocean wave. Anyone looking at the ocean standing on the seashore can witness the endless power of ocean energy. The ocean energy can be difference type

Wave

Tidal

Ocean Thermal

For wind energy harnessing, the turbine is generally mounted on the top of the generator. For ocean energy the generated generally mounted on the top of the turbine. Similarly to wind energy technology, the DFIG, SCIG, SG, PMSG or SCR CAN convert the ocean energy and power converters control the power flow to the unity grid or customers.

Wave Energy

Wave energy technologies extracted energy directly from surface waves or from pressure fluctuations below the surface. There is enough energy in the ocean in the wave to produced up 2 terawatts of electricity. However, wave energy can not be harnessed everywhere. For example, the wave power rich areas of the world include the western cost of scot land, northern Canada, southern Africa and Australia as well as the northeastern and north western coast of the united state. Wave energy can be converted into electricity by the offshore and onshore system.

Offshore System

Offshore system is situated in the deep water typically more then 131 ft. Sophisticated mechanisms such as the Salter Duck use the bobbing motion of the wave to power a pump that creates electricity. Other offshore devices use hoses connected to floats that ride the waves. The rise and fall of the float stretch and relaxes the hose which pressurizes the water which in turn rotates a turbine, specially built seagoing vessels can also capture the energy of offshore waves. These floating platforms create electricity by funneling waves through an internal turbine and then back into the sea.

Onshore System

Built along shorelines on shore wave power system extracted the energy of breaking waves. Onshore system technologies such as oscillating water columns, tap chains, and pendular devices are used are used for converting the waves energy into mechanical energy to generate electricity.

Oscillating water Columns

It consists of a partially submerged concrete or steel structure that has the opening to the sea below the waterline. It encloses a column of air above a column of water.as waves enter the air column they cause the water column rise and fall. This alternatively compresses and depressurizes the air column. As the wave retreats, the air is drawn back through the turbine as a result of the reduced air pressure on the ocean side of the turbine.

Tap Chains

Tapered channel system consists of a tapered channel that fees into a reservoir constructed on the cliff above the sea level.the narrowing of the channels causes the waves to increase in height as they move toward the cliff face. The wave spillover the walls of the channel into the reservoir and the stored water is then fed through a turbine.

Pendulor Devices

Pendulor wave power devices consist of a rectangular box that is open at one end. A flap is hinged over the opening over the opening and the action of waves causes the flap to swing back and forth. The motion power a hydraulic pump and a generator.    

Mechanism of wave Generated of wave Generation

Strom generated waves by the friction of the wind against the water surface. The stronger and longer the wind.

End.

Frequency of heart Pulsation,dependence of diastolic pressure on G-load,simulate and obtain by 1D blood flow model

1.    Frequency of heart pulsation, systolic and diastolic pressure

Frequency of heart pulsation:

The heart is an organic tissue and plays a vital role in life. It's size about the first of the average adult and weight 11 ounces (310 grams). The sympathetic and parasympathetic system control the speed of heart beat. Sympathetic system speed up the heart beat but pare sympathetic slow it down the whole system known as the autonomic nervous system. Frequency is defined as the continuously recurring process that occurs in 1 sec. We want to calculate the frequency of heart beats so the total number of the heart beat in 1 minute divided by 60 sec finally the frequency is obtained in hertz. After a research, the approximately 70 Hz frequency calculated for a normal human.

Systolic Blood Pressure

Due to contracts of the heart the blood in the heart push through the arteries. The heart beat generates pressure on the arteries this phenomenon is known as systolic pressure. The ideal systolic blood pressure is about 120 mmHg or below. Increasing the pressure like 120-139 mmHg range are the borderline of higher pressure and have more chances of heart diseases. When the systolic bold pressure is 140 or greater after average calculation then you have hypertension.

Diastolic blood Pressure

When the heart rests the amount of pressure or force which is exerted on the arteries between the beats is well known is diastolic. The ideal diastolic blood pressure is 80 or minimum less than 80 but if the diastolic blood pressure about 80 to 89 is considered to be normal but greater than ideal and if the diastolic blood pressure is greater than 90 then you have hypertension.

2.    The dependence of diastolic pressure on G-load

The term G is the calculation of mechanical force on the body with respect to the gravitational force exerted on the body on the surface of the earth. We calculate the G by “a/g” which is the ratio of applied acceleration and the amount of acceleration produced by the gravity effect. On the surface of earth a=g so the human body is subject as 1 G.

According to the definition of weightless stated that when an object put under the gravitational forces and not effected by the external forces is weightless. When a body in weightlessness mean a very few amount of mechanical force is exerted on it. There are three properties when the body in the weightless which is stated below

1 The only external force present is the force of gravity.

2 This is uniform throughout the entire system.

3 The system is free of internal gravity.

Diastolic pressure on G-load diastolic blood pressure of arterial and heart beat decreased but the systolic and arterial pressure not decreased. The amount of decrease blood pressure shown in the figure about 5 mmHg

3.    The dependence of diastolic and systolic pressure on G-load in human extremities.

The first research since 1996 conducted about the ambulatory brachial blood pressure monitoring in 24 h in space by Fritsch-Yelle et al to observe the behavior of the blood pressure in the (5-10days) shuttle mission the body would be weightlessness. His observation calculation was that the diastolic blood pressure of arterial and heart beat decreased but the systolic and arterial pressure not decreased. The amount of decrease blood pressure shown in the figure about 5 mmHg

4.    What physiological consequence of G-loading can we simulate and obtain by 1D blood flow model?

The shape of the human body is elongate and human body consist of bipeds so the flow of blood in horizontal laying position is pronounced in the upper half that’s  why the G-force which is effected on the body is explained according to the body human anatomy. The direction of G forces is opposite to the applied mechanical forces due to this reason the G forces follow the inertial movement direction and indicate the direction we use algebraic sings with gravitational forces denoted by G.(+Gz) indicate head to foot or (-Gz) foot to head,(+Gx) front to back (-Gx) back to front, (+Gy) right to left or (-Gy)left to right displacement. There are two simulation models which used widely for the weightlessness on human physiology like head-out water immersion and head down bed rest 6 º. The water immersion model used for short time simulation few hours per day but as well as the head down bed rest model used for simulation of several months. In the water immersion model water level up to the neck of the subjected which is seated upright position. The head down bed rest model is used to terminate the blood or fluid at the upper part of fluid.

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5.     1D or 0D simulation (or any simulation at all) of blood flow under G-load

The 0D model used to measure the hemodynamics in the circulation system. In this model, the main idea of hydraulics analog is used. The flow of blood are similar to the flow of current but the difference is blood flow in the circulatory system and current flow in the circuit. All the friction loss explain completely hydraulic impedance and also vessel wall elasticity, the inertia of blood flow. Mass conservation equation completely explain the blood flow

Zero-dimensional model used simultaneous differential equations to explain the vasculature. There is 2 equation to explain a single part, conservation of mass and conservation of momentum. The valuable part of the system like that heart valves, different parts of the vasculature which are perfect for investigating the global distribution pressure, blood volume exceeded by the range of physiological conditions and flow and also consist the theory of interaction between the component of system model formed by the 0D components.
 End. Enjoy

Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters

For a long time, Digital signal processing observation strongly based on the discrete time system. With the passage of time, we have to able to design our searching tool as discrete time system. All linear time-invariant system can be work as a filters its mean to form an LTI system is to design a digital filter. Now I have to design a digital filter which is used in signal processing knows as the FIR filter. FIR filters are the digital filters from its name FIR it’s sure that it finite impulse response. FIR filters do not have the feedback due to this quality also knows as non-recursive digital filters and in the realization of FIR filters recursive algorithm used sometimes and have linear phase characteristic.

FIR filters have the capability to use the array of many numbers. There is 6144 coefficient in case of openDRC per channel and 10240 coefficient are given to all input-output channels when using as miniSHARC. Formation of these large numbers array done in the separate program. Fire Filtering has the following advantage.

·         FIR filters also use to remove the errors in the loudspeaker due to frequency response.

·          FIR filters are used in the linear phase filtering.

The main purpose to build a digital FIR filter is to count the samples of the ideal filter. We know that FIR filters have finite impulse response so the sampling of the ideal filter occurs on the finite points. It’s too easy to produce sampling errors because the response of ideal filter frequency (f) is infinite. We can minimize the probability of errors by increasing the filter order.

 Finite impulse response (FIR) filter design methods

There are various method to design the filter the desired Fir filter. All the method to design the Finite Impulse Response filter depend upon the approximation of the ideal filter. So making the FIR filter near the ideal filter characteristic the differ method used for differing complex circuits. There is following method to construct the Filter.

Standard Filters:    

 The 4 types of standard  filters are used here:

·       low-pass filter

·       high-pass filter

·       band-pass filter

·       band-stop filter

By using the window method we start making our FIR filter.

These are the following step for making fire filter.

·         What is the requirement of the filter.

·         Specify the window terminology as the requirements of the filter.

·         Count the filter order as the requirements of filter and terminology of the window function.

·         Count the coefficients of window

·         As the total order of the filter counts the coefficient of the filter.

·         FIR filter coefficient also counts as the given ideal filter and window coefficient.

 We can easily measure the window measure coefficient w[n]  when window order & order of the filter is known. Through this, we find the frequency coefficient of designed filter.

Filter design using Rectangular window

Type of filter – low-pass filter [2]

Filter specifications:

              Filter order – N=10

             Sampling frequency – fs=20KHz

             Pass band cut-off frequency – fc=2.5KHz.

Filter realization:

  In the first figure shows that the FIR filter designed direct realization and in the second one optimized realization shows that all the FIR filter are symmetric at the center of the component and linear phase characteristic.

Filter design using Bartlett window     

Example 2

Type of filter – low-pass filter

Filter specifications:

          Filter order– Nf=9

          Sampling frequency – fs=20KH   

          Pass band cut-off frequency – fc=2.5KHz

Filter realization: 

 In the first figure shows that the FIR filter designed direct realization and in the second one optimized realization shows that all the FIR filter are symmetric at the center of the component and linear phase characteristic.

These are two fir filter which is designed by window rectangular and butter method as a practically we calculate again and again coefficients to reach near the ideal filter and remove the fluctuation in the given results.

Conclusion:

  Finite impulse response shows the more accurate result as compared to the Infinite impulse response hence its shows that Fir filters have more flexibility and ability then IIR. Due to this quality, they can easily adjust the frequency response of the loudspeakers. 

On the other hand, they require more efficient work on it to show extra processing capability as a filter near the ideal.