Can 100% Renewable Energy Power The World

Every year world use 35 billion barrels of oil this massive scale of fossil fuels dependents pollutes the earth and it were not last forever. The scientist researcher that we consumed 40 % oil according to the present estimate. This rete will run out oil and gas 50 years and coal in an about a century.

On the other side we have abundant solar, water and wind these are renewable resources. So the point is how we can change the world from fossil fuels to renewable sources.

This question rises since a century but it’s hard to answer?

Yet renewable energy provide only 13% of our needs that’s requires 100% that’s inexpensive and accessible. This represent a huge challenge we ignore the politics involve and focus of science and engineering we can better understand the problem by understanding how use energy. The global energy use is a dive race and complex system. The different element require their own solution but now we focus on these to familiar used in daily life.

The electricity and liquid fuel. Electricity powers a lot of things in industry as well as home. Liquid fuels play a crucial role in the transportation.

Let consider the electrical portion first the great news is our electrical advance technology can get energy from every form of renewable source.

 The Sun is the fundamental source of solar energy and continuously accelerates 173 Quadrillion Watts of solar energy at the earth. Its approximate 10000 time more than our need. It is estimated that the surface expands almost 7000 km will be needed to power humanity and our present usage level so, why we not builds that because there are other difficulties like efficiency and transportation.

Firstly the desert are the best places for solar energy but they are located for away from our populated areas where the electricity demand is very high. We transmit the energy by cables through pole that is too expensive and energy loss.

Today the transmitted lines loss the energy 6 to 8% and longer power line dissipate more energy the only super conductor can reduce this loss but they require cool surface not a heated places.

The other solution is we convert the all renewable energy into easily transportable form. We can stores the energy in lithium dry batteries which is low weight and efficient.

There are other sources like hydroelectric, geoelectric and wind energy but they depends upon the location and availability.  

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Is the WIRELESS Electricity is the Future ? See How the Wireless Charger Works on Principle

Inductive Charger / Wireless Charger

Michal Faradays discoveries the underlying principles of electromagnetic induction he discover that

in the presence of alternating electromagnetic field emf produces along the conductor.

  By the late 1894

Tesla used that idea and demonstrated the phenomena resonant electro coupling by lighting the incandescent lamp by tuning the current resonant frequency of the coil the two coil are join for higher

efficiency power transfer.

The discovery let to the modern electric motor and other  measurable invention however the inductive charging the science proof easier than implementation at the start won’t many electronic that greatly benefits such technology for the days of Tesla and due to limitation of circuit board design and size it was up to until 1999 and 2000 technology development for consumer level and we started seeing wireless electric tooth brushes and 2008 wireless charging mobile phone .

Inductive charger consist of few pads

Alternating current for watt and electronic oscillator circuit and transmission coil. The Transmission  base in thing like number of turn on wire diameter of coil the distance from the coil and other properties such a current.

coil is the tightly wound the copper element as a alternating current passes true to produce the magnetic flux that magnetic flux density

Under receiver end the processes is basically same expect opposite  On the receiver side Same type is embedded in the charging circuit the alternating magnetic field is picked up by the receiving coil the current is induced the AC power is passing through power rectifier stabilizer to convert the DC power phone  can use to charge the battery both the transmitter and receiver have electrical resonant frequency designed to be the same for low displacement distances such as a mobile  phone on charging  pad it is actually less efficient to  operate circuit resonant  frequency to generation

However for large displacement such a car park on charging pad operating at resonant frequency causes inductive coupling to counter act some displacement related transmission losses there are many other factor that fact on the performance there is no standard design on phone at yet charging pad needs way to detect to the type of devices that’s it is charging and Have of multiple coil arrangement.

A team of Engineers is working on advancement of charger that can charge up to 4 devices at a time and it will be completely safe.

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Why Kite power system is better than wind blade turbine / Bill Gates about Kite theory

The kite Power system currently building 500kw structure these virgin is use 6m vide cord for comparison and equaling to 500 kw wind turbine have diameter 54 m. Wind turbine blade have to strong enough to resist both rotating motion and bending motion and tower have to be strong enough to bear the weight of blade and wind turbine and also need base support in earth or ocean.

In comparison kite power system main component that significant loading. The ground station simply heavy enough to prevent the kites to lift the kites from the ground. This makes the system significant and cheaper.

The study foundation 2016 by the International renewable energy agency find the cost of per megawatt hour energy generated by offshore is 170$ that is expected to fall in 95$ in 2030.

The study conducted by independent KPS the kite power could generate per megawatt hour in 62.5$ by 2020 and 50$ at 2030 it is significantly reduced the cost of offshore 

Gill gates even said that 

10 percent chance the kite power will be the future magic power for the solution of energy crises

The population is increase day by day so there is essential to produce such systems that can use the renewable sources and provide electric energy.    

 

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Future of Wind Power ? Kite Power System

On the past decade renewable energy grown from its initiate Now a days clean energy is one of the fastest growing industries despite this continue grow renewable energy generation in united kingdom fell by  1% in  2016 not because of decrease of renewable infrastructure infect the UK capacity to generate renewable energy through by 13.7% it fell by 2016 because have a less wind and rain in 2015. Draw energy from such highly energy source have its drawbacks. So we have to build a new hybrid system like combination of solar and wind in desert.
Wind turbine are typically mounted on mountains to takes advantages of higher wind speed but obviously that's is slim so how that can reach higher to take advantages of higher wind because there is no mountain everywhere.

                                                                      

                                    

Some companies designs and builds some models that’s suspended in the Air with the help of blown take the turbine higher but these gives very little power and not easily scaled because of its size.

So, the other solution is Kites an idea given by the in London Ideas and innovative competitions Kite power system (KPS).

KPS is the UK Company received 5 million ponds investment form organization. This organization invest in new ideas for the future Energy Technologies

This system consist of 2 kites when one  kite go rise  other  lower and produce small amount of energy Theses kites are anchored  with a structure that store the potential energy through 2 cables  and this structure is a turbine that can rotate the generator and produced electricity. When the Air exerted the pressure on the kites and a mechanical force produced this force transform to the turbine through cables.As shown in the figure below

Question:

 what happen when lift of both kite is equal when both reach at same position and not move here (near and far).

These are lift bodies not a drag bodies that are control by a small robot that can control the pitch of the kite by varying the length from front and back and flown on predetermined trajectory.

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FIR FILTER

By Dr. Hawk

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PCB Designing

By Dr. Hawk

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Frequency of heart Pulsation,dependence of diastolic pressure on G-load,simulate and obtain by 1D blood flow model

1.    Frequency of heart pulsation, systolic and diastolic pressure

Frequency of heart pulsation:

The heart is an organic tissue and plays a vital role in life. It's size about the first of the average adult and weight 11 ounces (310 grams). The sympathetic and parasympathetic system control the speed of heart beat. Sympathetic system speed up the heart beat but pare sympathetic slow it down the whole system known as the autonomic nervous system. Frequency is defined as the continuously recurring process that occurs in 1 sec. We want to calculate the frequency of heart beats so the total number of the heart beat in 1 minute divided by 60 sec finally the frequency is obtained in hertz. After a research, the approximately 70 Hz frequency calculated for a normal human.

Systolic Blood Pressure

Due to contracts of the heart the blood in the heart push through the arteries. The heart beat generates pressure on the arteries this phenomenon is known as systolic pressure. The ideal systolic blood pressure is about 120 mmHg or below. Increasing the pressure like 120-139 mmHg range are the borderline of higher pressure and have more chances of heart diseases. When the systolic bold pressure is 140 or greater after average calculation then you have hypertension.

Diastolic blood Pressure

When the heart rests the amount of pressure or force which is exerted on the arteries between the beats is well known is diastolic. The ideal diastolic blood pressure is 80 or minimum less than 80 but if the diastolic blood pressure about 80 to 89 is considered to be normal but greater than ideal and if the diastolic blood pressure is greater than 90 then you have hypertension.

2.    The dependence of diastolic pressure on G-load

The term G is the calculation of mechanical force on the body with respect to the gravitational force exerted on the body on the surface of the earth. We calculate the G by “a/g” which is the ratio of applied acceleration and the amount of acceleration produced by the gravity effect. On the surface of earth a=g so the human body is subject as 1 G.

According to the definition of weightless stated that when an object put under the gravitational forces and not effected by the external forces is weightless. When a body in weightlessness mean a very few amount of mechanical force is exerted on it. There are three properties when the body in the weightless which is stated below

1 The only external force present is the force of gravity.

2 This is uniform throughout the entire system.

3 The system is free of internal gravity.

Diastolic pressure on G-load diastolic blood pressure of arterial and heart beat decreased but the systolic and arterial pressure not decreased. The amount of decrease blood pressure shown in the figure about 5 mmHg

3.    The dependence of diastolic and systolic pressure on G-load in human extremities.

The first research since 1996 conducted about the ambulatory brachial blood pressure monitoring in 24 h in space by Fritsch-Yelle et al to observe the behavior of the blood pressure in the (5-10days) shuttle mission the body would be weightlessness. His observation calculation was that the diastolic blood pressure of arterial and heart beat decreased but the systolic and arterial pressure not decreased. The amount of decrease blood pressure shown in the figure about 5 mmHg

4.    What physiological consequence of G-loading can we simulate and obtain by 1D blood flow model?

The shape of the human body is elongate and human body consist of bipeds so the flow of blood in horizontal laying position is pronounced in the upper half that’s  why the G-force which is effected on the body is explained according to the body human anatomy. The direction of G forces is opposite to the applied mechanical forces due to this reason the G forces follow the inertial movement direction and indicate the direction we use algebraic sings with gravitational forces denoted by G.(+Gz) indicate head to foot or (-Gz) foot to head,(+Gx) front to back (-Gx) back to front, (+Gy) right to left or (-Gy)left to right displacement. There are two simulation models which used widely for the weightlessness on human physiology like head-out water immersion and head down bed rest 6 º. The water immersion model used for short time simulation few hours per day but as well as the head down bed rest model used for simulation of several months. In the water immersion model water level up to the neck of the subjected which is seated upright position. The head down bed rest model is used to terminate the blood or fluid at the upper part of fluid.

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5.     1D or 0D simulation (or any simulation at all) of blood flow under G-load

The 0D model used to measure the hemodynamics in the circulation system. In this model, the main idea of hydraulics analog is used. The flow of blood are similar to the flow of current but the difference is blood flow in the circulatory system and current flow in the circuit. All the friction loss explain completely hydraulic impedance and also vessel wall elasticity, the inertia of blood flow. Mass conservation equation completely explain the blood flow

Zero-dimensional model used simultaneous differential equations to explain the vasculature. There is 2 equation to explain a single part, conservation of mass and conservation of momentum. The valuable part of the system like that heart valves, different parts of the vasculature which are perfect for investigating the global distribution pressure, blood volume exceeded by the range of physiological conditions and flow and also consist the theory of interaction between the component of system model formed by the 0D components.

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What is Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters type& Method of Design

Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters

For a long time, Digital signal processing observation strongly based on the discrete time system. With the passage of time, we have to able to design our searching tool as discrete time system. All linear time-invariant system can be work as a filters its mean to form an LTI system is to design a digital filter. Now I have to design a digital filter which is used in signal processing knows as the FIR filter. FIR filters are the digital filters from its name FIR it’s sure that it finite impulse response. FIR filters do not have the feedback due to this quality also knows as non-recursive digital filters and in the realization of FIR filters recursive algorithm used sometimes and have linear phase characteristic.

FIR filters have the capability to use the array of many numbers. There is 6144 coefficient in case of openDRC per channel and 10240 coefficient are given to all input-output channels when using as miniSHARC. Formation of these large numbers array done in the separate program. Fire Filtering has the following advantage.

·         FIR filters also use to remove the errors in the loudspeaker due to frequency response.

·          FIR filters are used in the linear phase filtering.

The main purpose to build a digital FIR filter is to count the samples of the ideal filter. We know that FIR filters have finite impulse response so the sampling of the ideal filter occurs on the finite points. It’s too easy to produce sampling errors because the response of ideal filter frequency (f) is infinite. We can minimize the probability of errors by increasing the filter order.

 Finite impulse response (FIR) filter design methods

There are various method to design the filter the desired Fir filter. All the method to design the Finite Impulse Response filter depend upon the approximation of the ideal filter. So making the FIR filter near the ideal filter characteristic the differ method used for differing complex circuits. There is following method to construct the Filter.

Standard Filters:    

 The 4 types of standard  filters are used here:

·       low-pass filter

·       high-pass filter

·       band-pass filter

·       band-stop filter

By using the window method we start making our FIR filter.

These are the following step for making fire filter.

·         What is the requirement of the filter.

·         Specify the window terminology as the requirements of the filter.

·         Count the filter order as the requirements of filter and terminology of the window function.

·         Count the coefficients of window

·         As the total order of the filter counts the coefficient of the filter.

·         FIR filter coefficient also counts as the given ideal filter and window coefficient.

 We can easily measure the window measure coefficient w[n]  when window order & order of the filter is known. Through this, we find the frequency coefficient of designed filter.

Filter design using Rectangular window

Type of filter – low-pass filter [2]

Filter specifications:

              Filter order – N=10

             Sampling frequency – fs=20KHz

             Pass band cut-off frequency – fc=2.5KHz.

Filter realization:

  In the first figure shows that the FIR filter designed direct realization and in the second one optimized realization shows that all the FIR filter are symmetric at the center of the component and linear phase characteristic.

Filter design using Bartlett window     

Example 2

Type of filter – low-pass filter

Filter specifications:

          Filter order– Nf=9

          Sampling frequency – fs=20KH   

          Pass band cut-off frequency – fc=2.5KHz

Filter realization: 

 In the first figure shows that the FIR filter designed direct realization and in the second one optimized realization shows that all the FIR filter are symmetric at the center of the component and linear phase characteristic.

These are two fir filter which is designed by window rectangular and butter method as a practically we calculate again and again coefficients to reach near the ideal filter and remove the fluctuation in the given results.

Conclusion:

  Finite impulse response shows the more accurate result as compared to the Infinite impulse response hence its shows that Fir filters have more flexibility and ability then IIR. Due to this quality, they can easily adjust the frequency response of the loudspeakers. 

On the other hand, they require more efficient work on it to show extra processing capability as a filter near the ideal. 

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How Calculate the Power of Wave’s

How Calculate the Power of Wave’s

The power generated by ocean wave can be determined approximately by assuming an ideal sinusoidal water wave of certain width which is show in the figure:

 The water level rise above and fall below the average sea level at site. The mass of water in one half sine that is above the average sea level is given by

            

ὠ  = wave width(m);

ρ = density of sea water (1000kg/m cube);

λ = wave length;

hὠ = wave height (trough to crest).

The height in the center of gravity of the mass in the wave crest is (hὠ/(4√2) ) above the sea level and that of the wave through below the average sea level. The total change in the potential energy during once cycle is given by

∆PE ὠ= mὠg = (∆hὠ )*(ὠ *  ρ )*(λ/2)  (g)*( hὠ/2√2) (hav)

           

            =g* ὠ* ρ *(λ/2)( hὠ/(2√2)) (2hὠ/(4√2)) 

This can be simplified to

∆PEὠ = (g* ὠ* ρ) ((hὠ*hὠ )/16)

The frequency of wave in the deep sea is ideally given by

Frequency = √(g/2πλ)

  So, the power developed by the ocean waves can be found from

Pὠ= ∆PE ὠ* frequency= (g* ὠ* ρ *λ*)((hὠ*hὠ )/16)( √g/2πλ )

   

       = (g*g* ὠ* ρ*hὠ*hὠ )/(32*f*π)

Thus a wave of ὠ = 1km width
 hὠ=5m    λ = 50m 

wave length has a water power capacity of 130 M. Even 2% conversion efficiency it can generate 2.6 MW of electrical power per km of costal line.

The power describe by the previous equation depends upon frequency f, which is random variable. The frequency distribution of the ocean wave show in the figure.

The energy comes from waves at the frequency in the range .1 to 1.0Hz. The energy becomes maximum at the frequency of .3Hz. The actual wave may have a long wave superimposed on the short wave from different direction. The total power from multiple- frequency wave may be approximated by superimposing the power from different frequency.

  

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How we can completely understand and calculate the tidal energy

How we can completely understand and calculate the tidal energy:

Tides are the daily swells and sag of ocean water relative to coastline due to gravitational pull of moon and the sun. Although the moon is much smaller in the mass than the moon, it exert the large gravitational force because its relative approximately to the earth. The force of attraction cause the oceans to rise along a perpendicular axis between the moon and earth. Because the earth rotation the rise of water moves opposite to the direction of the earth’s rotation. Creating the rhythm rise and sag of the costal water. These tidal waves are slow in frequency   but certain large amount of kinetic energy, which is probably one of the major tapped of energy resource of the earth. All the coastal areas experience two high tides and two low tides on the period of 24 hours.

The technology required to convert tidal energy to electricity is very similar to the technology used in the wind energy. The common design are the free flow system and dam system.

Tidal system:

The tidal energy turbine blades immersed in the oceans or path of strong tidal waves. These waves rotate the blade that are attached to an electrical generator mounted on the water level. Above the water level.

Barrage System:

A barrage or dam is typically used to convert tidal energy into electricity by forcing water through turbines which rotate the generator. Gates and turbines are installed along the dam.

H(high) is the head of the high water and H(low) is the head of low water side in the dam, the averages of the difference in head H between the water of two  sides of the dam is given below:

H =

The formula to compute the PE of a body of water with a higher head than the rest of the ocean.

PE = mgH

m = mass of water

g= the acceleration of gravity

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Different form of Ocean energy

Ocean energy

Ocean coverd more than two third of the earth surface. Ocean contain thermal erergy from the sun and produce mechanical energy from tides and waves. Even through the sun effect all ocean activity, the gravitational pull of moon primarily drives tides, and the wind power ocean wave. Anyone looking at the ocean standing on the seashore can witnessed the endiess power of ocean energy. The ocean energy can be difference type

Wave

Tidal

Ocean thermal

For wind energy harnessing, the turbine is generally mounted on the top of generator. For ocean energy the generated generally mounted on the top of turbine. Similarly to wind energy technology, the DFIG, SCIG, SG, PMSG or SCR CAN CONVERTED the ocean energy and power converters control the power flow to the unity grid or sustumers.

Wave energy

Wave energy technologies extracted energy directly from surface waves or from pressure fluctuations below the surface. There is enough energy in the ocean in wave to produced up 2 terawatts of electricity. However wave energy can not be harnessed everywhere. For example the wave power rich areas of the world include the western cost  of scot land, northern Canada , southern Africa and Australia as well as the northeastern and north western coast of the united state. Wave energy can be converted in to electricity by offshore and onshore system.

Offshore system

Offshore system are situated in the deep water tipicily more then 131 ft. Sophisticated mechanisms such as the Salter Duck use the bobbing motion of the wave to power a pump  that creates electricity. Other offshore devices use hoses connected to floats that ride the waves. The rise and fall of the float stretches and relaxes the hose which pressurize the water which in turn rotates a turbine, specially built seagoing vessels can also capture the energy of offshore waves. These floating platforms create electricity by funneling  waves through internal turbine and then back in to sea.

Onshore system

Built along shorelines on shore wave power system extracted the energy of breaking waves. Onshore system technologyies such as oscillating water columns, tapchans, and pendulor devices are used are used for converting the waves energy into mechanical energy to generate electricity.

Oscillating water columns

It consist of a partially submerged concrete or steel structure that has opening to the sea below the waterline. It enclose a column of air above a column of water.as waves enter the air column they cause the water column rise and fall. This alternatively compresses and depressurizes the air column. As the wave retreats, the air is drawn back through turbine as a result of the reduced air pressure on the ocean side of the turbine.

Tapchans

Tapered channel system consist of a tapered channel that fees into a reservoir constructed on cliff above the sea level.the narrowing of the channels cause the waves to increase in height as they move toward the cliff face. The wave spillover the walls of the channel into the reservoir, and the stored water is then fed through a turbine.

Pendulor Devices

Pendulor wave power devices consist of a rectangular box that is open at one end. A flap is hinged over the opening over the opening and the action of waves causes the flap to swing back and forth. The motion power a hydraulic pump and a generator.    

Mechanism of wave Generated of wave Generation

Strom generated waves by friction of wind against the water surface. The stronger and longer the wind.

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Why Wind-Hydro hybrid system are more Useful.

 Wind-Hydro hybrid system

In present humans are more concerning use of fossil fuel like coal, nuclear, furans oil etc. sources for generating electricity to fill-full their daily routine but no one think what happen in near future if these sources which is consuming massive quantity will finish for example we use coal for generating electricity a huge amount of coal burn to produce heat and then vaporize the water to run the generator for required rpm. We are using large amount of coal and it will finish soon because coal are formed hundreds of year inside the earth due to heat and chemical reactions hence the formation time of coal is hundreds of years but the consumption time are in days. 

Like coal the fairness oil consumption increase day by day it is used in generation as well as in automobiles. Its consumption is double then coal and talk about nuclear which is also using to generation of electricity and destruction of earth forming nuclear weapon. Every country try to form more effective and dangerous Atom bomb but they are not blind to see what happen in Nagasaki Japan. The point is we have to look serious for consumption of Renewable sources like water, Wind. We can generate electricity from these sources without any effect of environment and no fear to finish them. 
Wind- Hydro Hybrid system are more effective for hilly areas because there are lot of water present and the average velocity of air are very impressive. We have formed a system which can generate electricity from both Wind and Hydro. Wind and Hydro both help each other to move the shaft of generator. It’s very difficult to form such system in Mw But easy for Kw. Hilly areas all over the world faces problem of electricity if small amount of such system install there even in different areas where the irrigation system and wind average speed is 10 – 12 mph works efficiently. 

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