which is the most advanced solar panel.

There are several types of advanced solar panels that are being developed and commercialized. Some examples include:

1.       High-efficiency solar panels: These panels are designed to convert more sunlight into electricity, typically by using materials such as monocrystalline silicon, which have a higher solar cell efficiency.

2.       Flexible solar panels: These panels are made of thin, flexible materials that can be mounted on curved or irregular surfaces. They are often used in portable or mobile applications, such as on boats or RVs.

3.       Bifacial solar panels: These panels are designed to capture sunlight on both sides, increasing their overall energy generation. They are typically mounted on poles or racks that allow them to face the sun on both sides.

4.       Concentrated solar power (CSP) systems: These systems use mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight onto a small area, generating high temperatures that can be used to produce steam and generate electricity. CSP systems are typically used in large-scale power plants.

5.       Perovskite solar cells: These cells are made of a type of crystal called perovskite, which has a high absorption coefficient and can be used to create thin, lightweight solar cells with high efficiency. Perovskite solar cells are still in the early stages of development and are not yet widely available.

 

6.       High-efficiency solar panels: These panels are designed to convert a higher percentage of the sunlight they receive into electricity, resulting in more electricity production per unit area. High-efficiency solar panels are made using advanced materials and manufacturing techniques, such as multi-junction cells and thin-film technology.

 

7.       Flexible solar panels: These panels are made using flexible materials, such as thin-film photovoltaics, and can be bent or curved to fit onto curved or irregular surfaces. Flexible solar panels are lightweight and can be used in a variety of applications, including on the roofs of vehicles, boats, and tents.

 

8.       Bifacial solar panels: These panels have solar cells on both sides, allowing them to capture sunlight from both the front and back. Bifacial solar panels can be mounted on the ground or on a rooftop, and can produce more electricity than traditional solar panels when installed in certain locations.

 

9.       Concentrated photovoltaics (CPV): These panels use lenses or mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto a small area of high-efficiency solar cells, resulting in a higher electricity generation rate per unit area. CPV systems can be more efficient than traditional solar panels, but they require precise tracking of the sun and are more expensive to install.

 

10.   Perovskite solar cells: These are a type of thin-film solar cell that is made using a class of materials called perovskites. Perovskite solar cells have the potential to be highly efficient and inexpensive to produce, but they are still in the early stages of development and have not yet been commercialized.

 

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what are the most advanced sources of renewable energy in the world

There are many new technologies being developed for renewable energy. Some of the most promising include:

 

Solar panels: Solar panels are devices that convert sunlight into electricity. They are becoming more efficient and cost-effective, making them an increasingly popular choice for generating renewable energy.

 

Wind turbines: Wind turbines use the power of the wind to generate electricity. They are becoming more efficient and can be used in a variety of locations, including onshore and offshore.

 

Geothermal energy: Geothermal energy is generated by using the heat from the Earth's interior to generate electricity. This can be done through the use of geothermal power plants, which use steam to generate electricity, or through the use of geothermal heat pumps, which use the Earth's heat to warm and cool buildings.

 

Hydropower: Hydropower is a type of renewable energy that uses the energy of moving water to generate electricity. It can be generated through the use of hydroelectric dams, which use the force of falling water to turn turbines, or through the use of smaller-scale systems such as microhydro systems, which use the flow of water in a stream to generate electricity.

 

Bioenergy: Bioenergy is a type of renewable energy that is generated from organic materials, such as wood, agricultural waste, and other biomass. It can be used to generate electricity, heat, or fuel.

 

Ocean energy: Ocean energy is a type of renewable energy that is generated from the movement of the oceans, including waves, tides, and thermal gradients. It is still a relatively new technology and is being researched and developed in various parts of the world.

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Balance of Plant

Balance of plant (BOP) term usually used in the field of Power Engineer which is refer all the supporting components, machinery and auxiliary power system of the Power plant which is essential for power generation.

Balance of plant the following important components:

Raw water intake

Fuel supply

Air intake

Cerray Boiler

Raw water intake

Raw water is done both from canal and well. Priority is given to canal water in this plant because it contains less TDS (Total dissolved salts). Though canal water contains more TSS (Total suspended solids) and turbidity, but since removing TDS is more expensive, we prefer canal water here. But for back up, well water can be taken as well. Following steps are taken to purify water:

1. Trash Rack

It is used to remove solids, debris, wood pieces, biological growth, and dead animals etcetera.

Trash Rack

2. Travelling Band Screen

Here, suspended particles are removed from water through the rotating screens which are also back washed though raw water.

                                    

Travelling Band Screen

3. Clarifier Raw

water pumps pump the water into clarifier where different dosing is done. Here coagulant and hypo dosing are done. Sodium Hypochlorite is used for hypo dosing and Al2(SO4)3 is used as

a    coagulant which converts smaller particles into bigger particles which can be used thorough Eliminators. To speed up the process, coagulant aid (Polyacrylamide) is used.

Clarifier Raw 

4. UGNO1

The filtered enters UGNO1 which is a storage pit.

5: Pressure filter Pressure

Filters are also used for filtration and here sand, gravel and anthracite do the filtration.

Filter Pressure 

6. UGNO2

Water then enters UGNO2 which is a filtered water basin. At this point, water’s TSS and and turbidity has been removed.

7. Two bed

To remove salts and dissolved salts, there are many methods, like using softeners, remove osmosis and distillation but we use ion exchange method here. Here we use a cation exchanger which is a resin on which are Hydrogen ions followed by a Degasifier and then an anion exchanger which is a resin which has hydroxide ions. Degasifier has a blower which removes gases. After this method, conductivity becomes around 2us/cm.

8. Mixed Bed

Here there are cation and ion exchange resins and remaining conductivity is removed which comes around 0.1us/cm. From here, water goes to demineralization tank.

9. Regeneration

Cation and anion exchangers (resins) are regenerated though sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide respectively.

Regeneration 

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Can 100% Renewable Energy Power The World

Every year world use 35 billion barrels of oil this massive scale of fossil fuels dependents pollutes the earth and it were not last forever. The scientist researcher that we consumed 40 % oil according to the present estimate. This rete will run out oil and gas 50 years and coal in an about a century.

On the other side we have abundant solar, water and wind these are renewable resources. So the point is how we can change the world from fossil fuels to renewable sources.

This question rises since a century but it’s hard to answer?

Yet renewable energy provide only 13% of our needs that’s requires 100% that’s inexpensive and accessible. This represent a huge challenge we ignore the politics involve and focus of science and engineering we can better understand the problem by understanding how use energy. The global energy use is a dive race and complex system. The different element require their own solution but now we focus on these to familiar used in daily life.

The electricity and liquid fuel. Electricity powers a lot of things in industry as well as home. Liquid fuels play a crucial role in the transportation.

Let consider the electrical portion first the great news is our electrical advance technology can get energy from every form of renewable source.

 The Sun is the fundamental source of solar energy and continuously accelerates 173 Quadrillion Watts of solar energy at the earth. Its approximate 10000 time more than our need. It is estimated that the surface expands almost 7000 km will be needed to power humanity and our present usage level so, why we not builds that because there are other difficulties like efficiency and transportation.

Firstly the desert are the best places for solar energy but they are located for away from our populated areas where the electricity demand is very high. We transmit the energy by cables through pole that is too expensive and energy loss.

Today the transmitted lines loss the energy 6 to 8% and longer power line dissipate more energy the only super conductor can reduce this loss but they require cool surface not a heated places.

The other solution is we convert the all renewable energy into easily transportable form. We can stores the energy in lithium dry batteries which is low weight and efficient.

There are other sources like hydroelectric, geoelectric and wind energy but they depends upon the location and availability.  

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How to make money online Pakistan

Now a days Pakistan is emerging country in the field of IT. IT is directly relate to the making money through online. In Pakistan a number of people want to work in spear time as well as a full time. Online working is not a harder task when you have a good skills, knowledge, guidance and commitment for you work.

In Pakistan a lot of method are in market through which we can earn money online like freelancing, online shopping stores, blogging, websites, YouTube, mobile apps and other a lot of services you can provide to make money online. Here we explain some of these method to work online.

Freelancing is the one of the best and trusted source of income. It’s quite simple and depend upon your skills. If you have a specific skill go to the freelancing websites like Fiver, Envato studio, Upwork, Presto Experts and many more. Work on these websites is not a rocket science it’s quite simple. For example you a have good technical Knowledge about a specific Engineering field and you can solves the others problems just go the website put their info about your skills after that needy people contact with you by self. When you get some work and accept the client offer (amount) the decides money move in the third party account. When you complete your task it move in your bank account or reach it to you by other ways.

Online shopping store is the innovation in business field. A Few decade ago you cannot sell your product even a whole country. Now if someone want sell their product in whole world online shopping make it easier without tension of delivery of product as well as collect the price of sell product. Make a website like Draz.pk, Alibaba and Amazon show your product to the world sell and make money.

Blogging is related to the writing skills. It’s a kind of website here you have to write on your interesting topic that other’s like and enjoy. If your post and writing contact not a copy past and unique then Google AdSense give you permission to show add on your blog and when readers read your article adds show automatically through this you can earn revenue.

Website, YouTube and other mobile application have same working phenomena. A programmer built a website or mobile application and upload to the Google paly store or I cloud. When someone download it to use adds shows him and revenue goes in the owner account.

 A lot of many more way to work and earn online in Pakistan but these are the most famous and trending method.

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Combined-Cycle Generation Process and its working Principle

In the combines cycle power plants we use heat engines that’s work on same source of fuel, converts in to mechanical then into electrical by moving the electrical generator. In this phenomena we use exhaust of one engine used as a fuel of second which seems to be more useful fuel and enhance the overall efficiency of the system. This system is cost effective because we use fuel for heat engine and the waste (e.g., hot exhaust fumes)   produced from the combustion of the fuel used by combining the two thermodynamic cycles so that the overall efficiency improved.

 Brayton cycle is batter for the stationary plants and Rankine cycle commonly used for steam power plant.

Combined cycle power plant consist of following main component.

1:  Gas turbine.

2:  steam turbine.

3:  heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)

Gas turbine

The Gas Turbine essentially comprises a multi stage axial flow compressor section with movable inlet guide vane (IGV), two vertical silo type combustion chambers with several burners, and multi stage axial flow turbine section. The compressor draws in air from the atmosphere, compresses it and

then feeds the compressed air into the combustion chambers. The fuel (natural gas or diesel oil) is injected into the combustion chambers where it is burned together with compressed air. The resulting hot compressed combustion chambers gas flows from the combustion chambers into the turbine section an expands while it drives the turbine. The mechanical enginery of the GT is utilized to drive an air cooled generator as well as compressor section of the turbine. The grid is fed by the generator. The expanded exhaust gases from the GT are fed either to the bypass stack or into the HRSG for further use. The energy given up to the turbine comes from the reduction in the temperature and pressure of the exhaust gas. All these processes make up the Brayton cycle.

GAS TURBINE PRINCIPLE

 A gas turbine works on the basic principle of the Brayton cycle. A Brayton cycle consists of three main components: 

1: A gas compressor 

2:A mixing chamber 

3: An expander/Energy Extractor IDEAL BRATON CYCLE STEPS: 

1-2.Isentropic process - 2-3.Isobaric process - 3-4.Isentropic process - 4-1.Isobaric process

Steam Turbine

The ST is of dual casing condensing type and is operated in the sliding pressure mode from 100 % to 60 % output and in fixed pressure mode below this range. The turbine comprises a combined HP (type D30-

16) and LP section (type N30-25) in which the thermal energy of the steam generated by the HRSGs is converted to mechanical energy in order to drive an air cooled generator to produce electric power. The exhaust steam is condensed in a conventional condenser located behind the exhaust side to the LP-turbine and cooled by the circulating cooling water system which transfers the heat to the atmosphere via a wet cooling tower

Steam turbine principle

Steam turbine works on the principle of Rankine cycle. It has four basic components.

1.     Boiler

2.   Turbine

3.   Condenser

4.   Condenser feed pump

Heat Recovery Steam Generator

Hrsg is heart of combined cycle power plant and a critical link between gas turbine and steam turbine. Hrsg is an energy recovery heat exchanger that recovers heat from hot exhaust gases(1050oF) from gas turbine. It produces steam that can be used to drive the steam turbine in combined cycle power plant.

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Is the WIRELESS Electricity is the Future ? See How the Wireless Charger Works on Principle

Inductive Charger / Wireless Charger

Michal Faradays discoveries the underlying principles of electromagnetic induction he discover that

in the presence of alternating electromagnetic field emf produces along the conductor.

  By the late 1894

Tesla used that idea and demonstrated the phenomena resonant electro coupling by lighting the incandescent lamp by tuning the current resonant frequency of the coil the two coil are join for higher

efficiency power transfer.

The discovery let to the modern electric motor and other  measurable invention however the inductive charging the science proof easier than implementation at the start won’t many electronic that greatly benefits such technology for the days of Tesla and due to limitation of circuit board design and size it was up to until 1999 and 2000 technology development for consumer level and we started seeing wireless electric tooth brushes and 2008 wireless charging mobile phone .

Inductive charger consist of few pads

Alternating current for watt and electronic oscillator circuit and transmission coil. The Transmission  base in thing like number of turn on wire diameter of coil the distance from the coil and other properties such a current.

coil is the tightly wound the copper element as a alternating current passes true to produce the magnetic flux that magnetic flux density

Under receiver end the processes is basically same expect opposite  On the receiver side Same type is embedded in the charging circuit the alternating magnetic field is picked up by the receiving coil the current is induced the AC power is passing through power rectifier stabilizer to convert the DC power phone  can use to charge the battery both the transmitter and receiver have electrical resonant frequency designed to be the same for low displacement distances such as a mobile  phone on charging  pad it is actually less efficient to  operate circuit resonant  frequency to generation

However for large displacement such a car park on charging pad operating at resonant frequency causes inductive coupling to counter act some displacement related transmission losses there are many other factor that fact on the performance there is no standard design on phone at yet charging pad needs way to detect to the type of devices that’s it is charging and Have of multiple coil arrangement.

A team of Engineers is working on advancement of charger that can charge up to 4 devices at a time and it will be completely safe.

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Pakistan Nuclear Power Plants Overview according to their Location, Capacity and Fuel

Station	Community	Location	Capacity (MW)	Status
(KANUPP-1)	Karachi, Sindh	24°50′41″N 66°47′20″E	85	Operational since 1972.
(CHASNUPP-1)	Mianwali, Punjab	32°23′20″N 71°27′45.5″E	320	Operational since Jun 2000.
(CHASNUPP-2)	Mianwali, Punjab	32°23′20″N 71°27′45.5″E	320	Operational since Mar 2011.
(CHASNUPP-3)	Mianwali, Punjab	32°23′20″N 71°27′45.5″E	340	Operational since Oct 2016.
(CHASNUPP-4)	Mianwali, Punjab	32°23′20″N 71°27′45.5″E	340	Operational since Sep 2017.

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